
Both ISOs and RTOs are organizations formed with the approval of the (FERC) to coordinate, control and monitor the use of the electric transmission system by , and . An ISO is a that combines the transmission facilities of several transmission owners into a single transmission system to move energy over long distances at a single lower price than the combined charges of each utility that.

A rapid transformation of the energy system is necessary to keep warming well below 2 °C, a. . Towards a new baseline scenarioFollowing the recent progress of renewables, fossil fuel-dominated projection baselines are not realistic anymore. Here, we focus on the c. . Without any further energy policy changes, solar energy appears to follow a robust trajectory to become the future dominant power source before mid-century. Due to the reinforcing c. . E3ME-FTT-GENIE61 is a model based on path-dependent simulation parameterised by historical data and technology diffusion trajectories. Integrated assessment models are typically base. . Historical generation and capacity of renewable energy from IRENA is available at.